本文提供的内容是托福tpo雷哥托福整理的TPO53托福阅读passage2 European Context of the Scientific Revolution 原文文本，想要获得完整版TPO53的真题答案解析，添加小助手微信：ybnt110 获取，或者同学们可以来雷哥托福官网在线模考练习。

获取真题题目及答案请点击：TPO53托福阅读 European Context of the Scientific Revolution 真题题目及答案

第二篇：历史类  European Context of the Scientific Revolution

The Scientific Revolution represents a turning point in world history. By 1700 European scientists had overthrown the science and worldviews of the ancient philosophers Aristotle and Ptolemy. Europeans in 1700 lived in a vastly different intellectual world than that experienced by their predecessors in, say, 1500. The role and power of science, as a way of knowing about the world and as an agency with the potential of changing the world, likewise underwent profound restructurings as part of the Scientific Revolution.

The social context for science in Europe in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries had changed in several dramatic ways from the Middle  Ages  (roughly,  500  C.E.  to the 1400s C.E.). Advances in military technology, the European voyages of exploration, and contact with the New World altered the context in which the Scientific Revolution unfolded. The geographical discovery of the  Americas  generally undermined the closed Eurocentric cosmos of the later Middle Ages, and the science of geography provided a stimulus of its own to the Scientific Revolution. With an emphasis on observational reports and practical experience, new

geographical discoveries challenged accepted knowledge. Cartography (mapmaking) thus provided exemplary new ways of learning about the world in general, ways self-evidently superior to mastering established doctrines from dusty books. Many of the scientists of the Scientific Revolution seem to have  been involved in one fashion or another with geography or cartography.

In the late 1430s, Johannes Gutenberg, apparently independently of the development of woodblock printing in Asia, invented printing with movable type, and the spread of this powerful new technology after 1450 likewise altered the cultural landscape of  early modern Europe. The new medium created a revolution  in communications that increased the amount and accuracy of information  available and made copying of books by scribes obsolete. Producing some 13,000 works by 1500, printing presses spread rapidly throughout Europe and helped to break down the monopoly of learning in universities and to create a new group of nonreligious intellectuals. Indeed, the first printshops became something of intellectual centers themselves, with authors, publishers, and workers collaborating in unprecedented ways in the production of new knowledge. Renaissance humanism, that renowned philosophical and literary movement emphasizing human values and the direct study of classical Greek and Latin texts, is hardly conceivable without the technology of printing that sustained the efforts of learned humanists. Regarding science, the advent of printing and humanist scholarship brought another wave in the recovery of ancient texts. Whereas Europeans first learned of ancient Greek science largely through translations from the Arabic in the twelfth century, in the later fifteenth century scholars brought forth new editions from Greek originals and uncovered influential new sources, notably the Greek mathematician Archimedes. Similarly, printing disseminated previously obscure handbooks of technical and magical secrets that proved influential in  the developing Scientific Revolution.

Particularly in Italy, the revival of cultural life and the arts in the late fourteenth and fifteenth centuries commonly known as the Renaissance must also be considered   as an element of the changed conditions of the early modern period that underlay the Scientific Revolution. The Italian Renaissance was an urban and comparatively secular phenomenon, aligned with courts and courtly but not with the universities, which were religiously based. One associates the great flourish of artistic activity of the Renaissance with such talents as Donatello, Leonardo da Vinci, Raphael, and Michelangelo. In comparison with medieval art, the use of perspective a projection system that realistically renders the three dimensions of space onto the two dimensions of a canvas represents a new feature typical of Renaissance painting, and through the work of Leon Battista Alberti, Albrecht Dalam, and others, artists learned to practice mathematical rules governing perspective. So noteworthy was this development that historians have been inclined to place Renaissance artists at the forefront of  those  uncovering  new knowledge  about  nature in the fifteenth andsixteenth  centuries.  Whatever  one  may  make  of  that  claim,  early  modern  artists needed accurate knowledge of human muscular anatomy for lifelike renditions, and an explosion of anatomical research in the Renaissance may be attributed to this need in the artistic community.

获取真题题目及答案请点击：TPO53托福阅读 European Context of the Scientific Revolution 真题题目及答案