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第三篇：社会学

The Role of the Ocean in Controlling Climate

To predict what the climate will be like in the future, scientists must rely on sophisticated computer models. These models use mathematical equations to represent physical processes and interactions in the atmosphere, ocean, and on land. A starting point is usually based on current measurements  or  estimates  of past conditions. Then, using a spherical grid laid out over the entire globe, thousands of calculations are performed at grid intersections to represent and  assess how conditions in the air, in the sea, and on land will change over time. Because of their complexity and size, supercomputers are used to run full-scale climate models. Much of the uncertainty in their outputs comes from the way that various aspects of the climate are represented by different models, and even more so, because there are aspects of climate that are not  well  understood—one  of  which is how the ocean impacts climate.

The  ocean’s  role  in  global  warming  stems  principally  from  its  huge  capacity  to absorb carbon dioxide and to store and transport heat. In the sea, photosynthesis by marine plants and algae, especially phytoplankton, removes great quantities of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. Hence, the greater the growth (productivity) of phytoplankton in the sea, the greater the removal of carbon dioxide. But what controls  the  ocean’s  productivity?  There  are  several  limiting  factors,  but  results from a recent experiment suggest that in areas of the ocean where other nutrients are plentiful, iron may be one of the most important and, until recently, unrecognized variables controlling phytoplankton production. Some have proposed a radical, highly controversial and uncertain means to counteract global warming—adding iron to the oceans to induce phytoplankton blooms. Perhaps increased phytoplankton growth would use up a significant amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, but perhaps not, and there might well be side effects that could be detrimental to the ocean ecosystem.

Within the ocean, the production of limestone, in the form of calcium carbonate skeletons or shells, also reduces atmospheric carbon dioxide. However, when deposits of limestone become exposed and weathered on land or  are recycled  in  the sea, carbon dioxide is released back into the atmosphere. What is not well understood is how much carbon dioxide resides in the sea and at what rate it  is taken up and recycled. Relatively new research has also discovered beneath the sea a new and potentially significant threat to skyrocketing Earth temperature: gas hydrates. Gas hydrates are a solid, crystalline form of water, like ice, except that they contain additional gas, typically methane, and are often found stored in ocean sediments. Increased ocean temperatures could cause gas hydrates to dissociate, releasing massive amounts of methane gas into the atmosphere and  cause undersea landslides in the process. Consequently, hydrates may, if released, significantly increase global warming as well as create a geologic hazard to offshore drilling operations.

The ocean is also a great reservoir and transporter of heat. Heat from the ocean warms the atmosphere and fuels tropical storms. Heat is transported by currents from the equator to the poles. Ocean circulation is strongly controlled by wind and by  the  sea’s  balance  of  salt  and  heat.  Scientists  think  that  climate  warming  may slow down circulation, while cooling may speed it up, but these responses are not well understood. Evaporation from the ocean also supplies the precipitation that creates fields of snow and ice at high latitudes. Snow and ice coverage change the reflectivity Earth’s surface and are an important influence on how much incoming radiation is either absorbed or reflected. Furthermore, clouds and water vapor in the atmosphere come mainly from the sea and strongly influence climate. Surprisingly, clouds are one of the least understood and most poorly modeled parts of the climate change equation. Most climate modeling grids fail to take into account common-sized cloud formations. Aerosols, tiny particles of soot, dust, and other materials, are thought to seed cloud formation scatter incoming radiation and promote cooling, but this effect, which would counteract warming, is also only superficially understood. Computer models of climate change must take into account all of the processes within the ocean, over land, and in the sky that potentially influence warming. No wonder there is such uncertainty.

题目

Paragraph 1

To predict what the climate will be like in the future, scientists must rely on sophisticated computer models. These models use mathematical equations to represent physical processes and interactions in the atmosphere, ocean, and on land. A starting point is usually based on current measurements  or  estimates  of past conditions. Then, using a spherical grid laid out over the entire globe, thousands of calculations are performed at grid intersections to represent and  assess how conditions in the air, in the sea, and on land will change over time.

Because of their complexity and size, supercomputers are used to run full-scale climate models. Much of the uncertainty in their outputs comes from the way that various aspects of the climate are represented by different models, and even more so, because there are aspects of climate that are not  well  understood—one  of  which is how the ocean impacts climate.

1.According to paragraph 1, the results of full-scale climate models are questionable in part because

A.the supercomputers used for such modeling are large and complex

B.thousands of calculations have to be performed to assess conditions

C.past conditions cannot always be estimated accurately

D.there are multiple ways to represent the same aspect of climate Paragraph 2

The  ocean’s  role  in  global  warming  stems  principally  from  its  huge  capacity  to absorb carbon dioxide and to store and transport heat.  In the sea, photosynthesis by marine plants and algae, especially phytoplankton, removes great quantities of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. Hence, the greater the  growth  (productivity) of phytoplankton in the sea, the greater the removal of carbon dioxide. But what

controls the ocean’s productivity? There are several limiting factors, but results from a recent  experiment  suggest that  in areas of  the ocean where  other  nutrients are plentiful, iron may be one of the most important and, until recently, unrecognized variables controlling phytoplankton production. Some have proposed a radical, highly controversial and uncertain means to counteract global warming—adding iron to the oceans to induce phytoplankton blooms. Perhaps increased phytoplankton growth would use up a significant amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, but perhaps not, and there might well be side  effects that could be detrimental to the ocean ecosystem.

2.The word “principally” in the passage is closet in meaning to

A.obviously

B.apparently

C.mainly

D.originally

3.Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.

A.Iron may be one of the most important factors in controlling phytoplankton production in ocean waters that are rich in other nutrients.

B.Results from a recent experiment suggest that several factors limiting phytoplankton production in ocean waters have gone unrecognized.

C.Although it was not recognized until recently,  nutrients are plentiful in areas of  the ocean where iron controls phytoplankton production.

D.Until recently, the importance of iron was not taken into account in experiments concerning phytoplankton production.

4.The word “controversial” in the passage is closest in meaning to

A.experimental

B.fascinating

C.producing disagreement

D.demonstrating poor judgment

5.The word “induce” in the passage is closest in meaning to

A.supply nutrients to

B.cause the formation of

C.expand

D.strengthen

6.According to paragraph 2, how might increasing phytoplankton growth help lower global temperatures?

A.By cooling the oceans

B.By decreasing carbon dioxide levels in the ocean

C.By reducing the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere

D.By transporting heat from the ocean’s surface to deeper levels Paragraph 3

Within the ocean, the production of limestone, in the form of calcium carbonate skeletons or shells, also reduces atmospheric carbon dioxide. However, when deposits of limestone become exposed and weathered on land  or  are recycled  in the sea, carbon dioxide is released back into the atmosphere. What is not well understood is how much carbon dioxide resides in the sea and at what rate it  is taken up and recycled. Relatively new research has also discovered beneath the sea a new and potentially significant threat to skyrocketing Earth temperature: gas hydrates. Gas hydrates are a solid, crystalline form of water, like ice, except that they contain additional gas, typically methane, and are often found stored in ocean sediments. Increased ocean temperatures could cause gas hydrates to dissociate, releasing massive amounts of methane gas into the atmosphere and  cause undersea landslides in the process. Consequently, hydrates may, if released, significantly increase global warming as well as create a geologic hazard to offshore drilling operations.

7.According to paragraph 3, which of the following reduces atmospheric carbon dioxide?

A.The weathering of limestone

B.The production of limestone

C.The recycling of carbon dioxide

D.The presence of methane in gas hydrates

8.According to paragraph 3, why are gas hydrates a possible threat to the global climate?

A.If disturbed by offshore drilling, they can destroy limestone deposits.

B.They can replace regular ice at certain locations.

C.If melted, they may release a lot of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere.

D.They contain a lot of methane, which may be released as the ocean warms Paragraph 4

The ocean is also a great reservoir and transporter of heat. Heat from the ocean warms the atmosphere and fuels tropical storms. Heat is transported by currents from the equator to the poles. Ocean circulation is strongly controlled by wind and by  the  sea’s  balance  of  salt  and  heat.  Scientists  think  that  climate  warming  may slow down circulation, while cooling may speed it up, but these responses are not well understood. Evaporation from the ocean also supplies the precipitation that creates fields of snow and ice at high latitudes. Snow and ice coverage change the reflectivity Earth’s surface and are an important influence on how much incoming radiation is either absorbed or reflected. Furthermore, clouds and water vapor in the atmosphere come mainly from the sea and strongly influence climate. Surprisingly, clouds are one of the least understood and most poorly modeled parts of the climate change equation. Most climate modeling grids fail to take into account common-sized cloud formations. Aerosols, tiny particles of soot, dust, and other materials, are thought to seed cloud formation scatter incoming radiation and promote cooling, but this effect, which would counteract warming, is also only superficially understood. Computer models of climate change must take into account all of the processes within the ocean, over land, and in the sky that potentially influence warming. No wonder there is such uncertainty.

9.The word “fuels” in the passage is closest in meaning to

A.provides energy for

B.determines the route of

C.carries

D.breaks up

10.Which of the following is NOT mentioned in paragraph 4 as a way in which the ocean affects the climate?

A.It stores heat

B.It moves heat from the equator toward the poles.

C.It speeds up wind  circulation.

D.It warms up the  atmosphere.

11.Paragraph 4 suggests that a significant decrease in snow and ice fields at high latitudes would have what effect?

A.More clouds and water vapor would be produced in the atmosphere.

B.More of the Sun’s radiation would be absorbed by Earth.

C.The oceans would cool more quickly.

D.More precipitation would occur at low latitudes.

12.Why  does  the  author  mention  that  “Most  climate  modeling  grids  fail  to  take into account common-sized cloud formations”?

A.To suggest why the influence of clouds on climate change is still undetermined

B.To explain why research on climate change does not focus on clouds

C.To help explain why it is unclear whether aerosols have the effect of counteracting warming

D.To explain in part why scientists are uncertain how much incoming radiation is absorbed or reflected

Paragraph 3

Within the ocean, the production of limestone, in the form of calcium carbonate skeletons or shells, also reduces atmospheric carbon dioxide. ■However, when deposits of limestone become exposed and weathered on land  or are recycled  in the sea, carbon dioxide is released back into the atmosphere. ■What is not well understood is how much carbon dioxide resides in the sea and at what rate it  is taken up and recycled. ■Relatively new research has also discovered beneath the sea a new and potentially significant threat to skyrocketing Earth temperature: gas hydrates. ■Gas hydrates are a solid, crystalline form of water, like ice, except that they contain additional gas, typically methane, and are often found stored in ocean sediments. Increased ocean temperatures could cause gas hydrates to dissociate, releasing massive amounts of methane gas into the atmosphere and  cause undersea landslides in the process. Consequently, hydrates may, if released, significantly increase global warming as well as create a geologic hazard to offshore drilling operations.

13.Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage

Nor is carbon dioxide the only gaseous substance in the ocean that may affect climate.

Where would the sentence best fit?

14.Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selected THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.

The oceans affect the climate in numerous ways, some of which are poorly understood and therefore cannot be accurately modeled in computer climate programs.

Answer Choices

A.Estimates of future conditions are entered into supercomputers to calculate climate possibilities at various places on earth.

B.Oceans absorb a great deal of carbon dioxide from the air through limestone production and photosynthesis or phytoplankton.

C.Gases are stored in the sea in the form of shells and hydrates, but gases stored in these ways can be recycled to the atmosphere where they may cause warming.

D.The ocean's capacity to absorb carbon dioxide remains great despite recent reduction of marine plant nutrients such as iron.

E.Ocean circulation is strongly controlled by wind and by the sea s balance or salt and heat.

F.The ocean bolds and moves a great deal of heat, and as water evaporates, it produces clouds, snow, and ice, which all affect global temperatures.

参考答案

1-5：DCACB

6-10：CBDAC

11-13：BAC

14：BCF