在托福考试前夕，同学们的心情都会比较紧张。为了帮助大家缓解紧张的氛围，雷哥托福小托君为大家带来了考前机经，希望通过这些内容的整理和学习，能够帮助大家做好考前冲刺!2018年10月27日、28日托福考试机经，希望考生在得到很好的命中率之余，能够多掌握托福考试真题的答题方法。

托福阅读

一

Literacy and the Vernacular In Late Medieval Europe

一开始说办学校只有有钱人家的男孩子能上，F地方600个学生上一个教Latin的学校目的是要让他们以clergy和lawyer为career,还有—个学校人更多是以artisan和businessman为career的教accounting和方言，后来传播开来了，会read and write的人也有一点了，人们开始会记录家里的收入和生活，还不会read和write的人也能听别人讲而懂一些消息，然后农民和城里人在一年的节日都会put aside work幵始一些祭祀活动drama, play之类的，还有translation—些圣经之类的从Latin到别的语言，女人在encourage translation中也有作用，然后她们这样是为她们要guide their children,文章最后又critical地讲了一下不用会read和write也可以懂知识，举了2个人的例子。

二 

Differences of Biodiversity in geographical patterns

赤道地区和温带地区物种的多样性是不同的，热带地区物种多样性要比温带好很多，然后举了很多物种的例子;有很多理论提出来解释这个现象。第一个理论是：热带地区接受的光照和降水要比温带地区多很多，意味着reproduce material 也要多很多，有助于植物的reproduce， reproductive的速度也好高很多，有利于多种生物的生存，但是温带地区就要少很多。举了很多例子。第二个理论是：热带地区气候比较稳定;有利于多种多样动植物的进化和发展在一个比较持续稳定的环境中进行，没有干扰和中断;但是温带地区气候季节变化比较大，很多生物要存活下来要能够忍受极端的寒冷，还举了间冰期的例子。所以物种的存活和进化需要很长的时间。热带地区比温带地区持续的区间范围大。热带地区是沿着赤道向南北延伸，是一个整块的连续的地理范围，但是温带地区是分别分散在北半球和南半球的。同时因为热带地区温度较高，所以parasite 比较多，这样就不利于同一种单一植物大范围的生长，扩大了同种植物的地理间隔;而温带地区因为冬季会杀死一部分植物，所以很多植物是单一物种集中生长的。 热带地区任何一个canopy都可能是一个community, 环境适合多种生物生长，但是温带地区则不然。

 三 

Eli Terry’s Clock

十九世纪初，钟表在美国是非常奢侈的产品，只有有钱人才能用得起。一个钟匠一年只能生产 10 到 15 只钟表，特别煞费苦心(painstaking)。后来一个叫 Eli Terry 的人进行了一系列的变革，通过简化制造材料，创新设备，改善水力等，让表的产量变得又大、又轻、价格又便宜。原来特别重，不好运输，改善得更轻后，可以挂住，不用专门做 cabinet, 并且中产阶级也能买得起了。从原来的低产量变成了高产(mass production)。后来在他持续的发明创造中，他在 1816 年造出了 shelf clock, 获得专利，导致很多人开始模仿他，同时也促进了钟表的精细化。最后一段提到了另一个人，和他一起把钟表变得物美价廉。

托福听力：

对话一：

女生在学微积分，然后发现很难，然后找了tutor help。老师说tutor很紧缺的。女生又说我现在这个tutor不好，刚上课的内容我全都懂的。老师解释到：因为每个tutor都有自己的expertise。然后给了学生两个解决方案。一是加入同班别的study group。这样可以一起讨论问题。第二个解决方案是去help room，那里一直是open的所以时间很方便。但是缺点是有可能会wait别的同学以及不能一对一指导。

对话二：

学生要做一个报告，然后需要做一个survey。但是学生不知道如何做survey。或者说 how to select people。教授说首先要确保样本具有代表性。举了个例子，而且考到了，就是 葡萄干蛋糕。如果你做葡萄干蛋糕，然后你把所有葡萄干都放在一边，然后切了另一边的蛋糕。那吃另一边蛋糕的人肯定不会觉得这个是葡萄干蛋糕。所以说选取样本的时候一定要涵盖全镇的人。学生说可以用打电话的办法去做这个调查，写邮件很多人可能根本不会回你。那如何打电话，能打给全镇的人呢?教授举了个例子，说他们家电话的区号是256，所以你只需要打不同区号的电话可以联系到整个镇的人。

讲座一：

文学

一个是autobiography，另一个是memoir。讲了自传的定义后教授开始重点讲了回忆录。差别在于：前者比较客观，后者比较主观，举例VA，她有一本回忆录就仅仅记录了她的母亲，差不多就是围绕这个主题。

讲座二：

环境

和 global warming 进行类比比较。接着，文章解释 global dimming 导致温度降低对原因：大气和 space 中存在的小颗粒可以将阳光反射回去，从而导致降温，而这些小颗粒则是由自然和人为两方面因素共同产生，如火山灰、燃烧所产生的灰烬;最后，文章还到某个 a 开头的关键词会对云的数量产生影响。

讲座三：

文学

本篇文章主要介绍一个科幻小说作家的经历。该作家因博览全书而拥有极其广泛的知识面，故其书中的技术情节描写十分生动，让人感觉仿佛已在日常生活中得到实现。但是这个作家起初比较悲观，对未来并没有很多信心，直到遇到一个伯乐出版商，其对生活的态度才开始变得积极起来。

托福口语： 

Task 1:

　　1. The university currently requires all the students to take the physical education course to get graduate. Which of the following choices will you choose?

　　1) soccer

　　2) Dancing

　　2. The student is asked to write final project about the famous historical city which you're located in. Which resource do you choose?

　　1) Video the famous building

　　2) Visit the old people

　　3) Research and write paper

　　3. Some professors allow students to have exams at home, then bringing their test papers back to school to submit. From your perspective. Can you talk about the advantage and disadvantage of this kind of examination?

　　4. What do you think is the biggest challenge for a student when they study and how to solve that challenge?

　　5. You have been very busy and unable to prepare for the exam tomorrow. You can either stay up late to study and sleep less or just study less and get full night’s sleep. Which will you choose?

　　6. Which of the following do you think the school should build to improve student life?

　　1) swimming pool

　　2) cafeteria

　　3) Library

　　7. If you are the group leader of a photography club, which of the following three activities would you choose for your club members?

　　1) Taking them to a photography exhibition

　　2) Reading an essay about photography

　　3) Going on a field trip to take photos

　　8. Talk about a special gift you once gave someone. Describe the gift and explain why it was special.

　　9. A friend of yours is going to have an important job interview and has asked for your advice. What do you think your friend should do in order to have a successful job interview? Explain why.

　　10. If the following two things overlap with each other, which would you prefer: dinner together with your family or attend your friends’ party on the weekend?

Task 2:

　　1. Some people like to study in public places where there are other people around. Others prefer to study in places where there are few or no people around. Which kind of place do you prefer? Explain why.

　　2. Some people want their children to go to school, but some people prefer to let their children be home-schooled. Which do you prefer? Why?

　　3. In order to teach young people about good nutrition and health, your school is planning to require students to take cooking classes in addition to other subjects. Do you think this requirement is a good idea? Why or why not?

　　4. Your university is planning to allow people in the community to take courses with students. This course will be free for them and they will not receive feedback or grades about their papers. Do you think this is a good program and why?

　　5. Do you agree or disagree with the following statement, the most important element of a successful school is experienced teachers.

　　6. The school allows students to keep pets in their dorms. Do you think it is good or not?

　　7. Your university plans to open a cafe inside the campus library. Do you think this is a good idea? Explain why or why not?

　　8. Your school is planning to ban library computers from accessing social media websites. Do you agree or disagree with such a plan?

　　9. Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Children should receive money for doing household tasks such as cleaning. Use specific examples and details to support your opinion.

　　10. When giving feedback to students, some teachers would like to talk to their students in person; while some teachers would give written comments to students. Which do you prefer and why?

托福写作：

题型③：分对象讨论

　　分对象讨论的落脚点也是题目中的关键词，这里则是剖析题目中的2-3个对象，将这些对象和主题联系起来论述。

　　解题技巧：

　　找到题目中的对象，一般是主语和谓语或者是从句中的词。然后分别对两个对象进行分析，将它们和主题联系起来进行论述。

　　真题范例：

　　Do you agree or disagree that the rules the whole societies today expect to young people to follow and obey are too strict.

　　分对象讨论这道题目，可以选取“rule”和“society”两个对象，然后结合它们和主题句“young people to follow and obey”，从而进行论述。

　　范文：

　　论点1(rules和young children)：To begin with, being strict to the young can help them to get more knowledge and more professional skills.

　　论点2(society和young children)：In the second place, the development of a nation depends on the quality of its young. Without highly qualified youngsters, even those super countries would definitely on day put themselves on the decline.

　　Nowadays, there is an increasing discussion about whether rules our societies expect to young people to follow and obey are too strict or not. For my part, it would never be too strict for our young. My reasons are listed as follows.

　　To begin with, being strict to the young can help them to get more knowledge and more professional skills. Youngsters, who place an emphasis on their knowledge, skills, and the needs of the society, will set themselves on the path towards a satisfying and successful career. Take Japan as an instance. It is a country which emphasizes on its education towards the young and the teachers in school are uncommonly rigorous to the students. The young are not only required to gain knowledge from text books, but also to act morally and be responsible for their society. And as we can see now, the Japanese young people are welcomed all around and have won the respect deserved from the outside world

　　In the second place, the development of a nation depends on the quality of its young. Without highly qualified youngsters, even those super countries would definitely on day put themselves on the decline. It is the responsibility of the society to help the young to live satisfying, responsible lives. However well or badly societies perform this task, their effort to succeed at it are worth fighting for and deserve our recognition and encouragement.

　　However, the demerits cannot be ignored. It is universally acknowledged that over strict rules can cause some mental or psychological problems, which, any perceptive observers would never hesitate to admit that, if becoming the feature of the young, would lead to both misery of human and wane of a nation as a whole.

　　In accordance with all that I have talked above, being strict to the young, when taking every aspect into consideration, will be better for its enormous importance, undeniable functions and great merits brought to our society.

　　1、考题出现时间：2017-4-23CN

　　题目：Some young people are free in the evenings or have days off at school, which way can bring them the most benefit?

　　1）to accumulate work experience by a part-time job or volunteering in a community

　　2）learning to play a sport

　　3）learning to play a musical instrument

　　2、考题出现时间：2016-7-3CN

　　题目：Do you agree or disagree with the following statement: People who try to acquire more than one skill are more likely to become successful than people who just focus on one skill.

　　3、考题出现时间：2016-10-15CN

　　题目：Do you agree or disagree with the following statement?

　　Young people should take several different kinds of jobs before they decide which career to take in the long term.

　　4、考题出现时间：2017-6-25CN

　　题目：Do you agree that it is better to work for business owned by someone else than to work for the business of one's own family.

　　5、考题出现时间：2017-10-29CN

　　题目：Do you agree or disagree with the following statement: Universities should require every graduation students to take public speaking courses. Give specific examples and details to support your answer.

　　6、考题出现时间：2017-6-10CN

　　题目：Some people like to buy and eat their meals at restaurants frequently, while others like to do this at home. Which do you prefer? Why?