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This is Scientific American 60-Second Science. I'm Christopher Intagliata.
这是科学美国人60秒科学。我是Christopher Intagliata。
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Charles Darwin is, most famously, the author of The Origin of Species.
查尔斯达尔文最着名的是“物种起源”一书的作者。
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But the last book he ever wrote gets far less attention today.
但他写的最后一本书今天得到的关注却少得多。
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It's called The Formation of Vegetable Mould through the Action of Worms.
它通过蠕虫的作用被称为蔬菜霉菌的形成。
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And earthworms were a passion: he wrote about their habits, their soil-tilling abilities, and even kept pots of worm-filled soil in his study.
蚯蚓是一种激情：他写下了他们的习惯，他们的土壤耕作能力，甚至在他的研究中保留了一堆充满蠕虫的土壤。
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But his fascination was met with ridicule by some.
但他的魅力遭到了一些人的嘲笑。
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"There's a famous cartoon where Darwin as an old man is in the middle.
“有一部着名的漫画，达尔文作为一个老人在中间。
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And he evolves from monkeys and the monkeys evolved from earthworms."
他从猴子身上进化而来，猴子是从蚯蚓身上进化而来的。“
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Olaf Schmidt is a soil ecologist at University College Dublin.
Olaf Schmidt是都柏林大学的土壤生态学家。
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And not among those who would criticize Darwin for his interests.
并不是那些批评达尔文的利益的人。
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"I love earthworms, earthworms are brilliant.
“我喜欢蚯蚓，蚯蚓很棒。
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They're our friends, they're really important."
他们是我们的朋友，他们真的非常重要。“
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One particularly interesting group of worms, he says, are the so-called "anecic" worms: the deep soil dwellers.
他说，一组特别有趣的蠕虫就是所谓的“非洲”蠕虫：深层土壤居民。
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"And they live all their life in a single vertical channel in the soil.
“他们一生都生活在土壤中的一条垂直通道中。
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And at night they surface," looking for food—manure, straw, stuff like that, "and they pull it into their channels."
晚上他们浮出水面，“寻找食物粪便，稻草，这样的东西”，然后将它们拉进他们的渠道。“
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They're big boys.
他们是大男孩。
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Which makes them especially vulnerable to the plow.
这使他们特别容易受到犁的影响。
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"You know they're so big, so they're chopped, exposed to birds, and their channels are destroyed."
“你知道它们太大了，所以它们被切碎，暴露在鸟类中，它们的通道被摧毁了。”
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Schmidt and his colleague Maria Briones analyzed the relationship between tilling and the health of a dozen species of earthworms.
施密特和他的同事玛丽亚布里奥尼斯分析了耕种与十几种蚯蚓健康之间的关系。
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They looked at 65 years'-worth of farm field studies, spanning the globe.
他们研究了跨越全球的65年农田研究。
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And they found that in heavily plowed fields, half the earthworms had disappeared.
他们发现在犁过的土地上，有一半的蚯蚓已经消失了。
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But when farmers switched to no-till or conservation agriculture, worm populations wriggled back to normal numbers after about a decade.
但是当农民转向免耕或保护性农业时，蠕虫种群在大约十年之后就会扭曲回正常数量。
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The study is in the journal Global Change Biology.
该研究发表在“全球变化生物学”杂志上。
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"The plow," Darwin wrote, "is one of the most ancient and most valuable of man's inventions;
“犁，”达尔文写道，“是人类最古老，最有价值的发明之一;
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but long before he existed the land was in fact regularly plowed, and still continues to be thus plowed by earthworms."
但是在他存在之前，土地实际上经常被耕种，并且仍然继续被蚯蚓耕种。“
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And, Schmidt says, just as the worms look after the soil, the flip side's true, too.
施密特说，就像蠕虫照看土壤一样，反面也是如此。
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"If you look after the soil, you also look after the earthworms. So it is a good-news story."
“如果你照看土壤，你也会照看蚯蚓。所以这是一个好消息。”
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Thanks for listening, for Scientific American 60-Second Science. I'm Christopher Intagliata.
感谢您对科学美国人60秒科学的倾听。我是Christopher Intagliata.